Research by Subject: Journalism
Bibliographies
Biographical Information
Blogs
Dictionaries
Directories
E-books
Encyclopedias
Handbooks & Guides
Images
Journals/Magazines
Local
Newspapers
Newspapers--International
Newswires
Primary Sources
Public Records
Statistics/Data
Transcripts
TV Stations
Video
Web Sites
Books: Use the Library Catalog
Communication and Mass Media Complete (CMMC) 
Communication and media indexes, abstracts and full-text.
Communication Studies: a Sage Full-Text Collection
Communications journals from Sage Publishing covering Journalism, Public Opinion, Political Communication, Mass Communication, Interpersonal Communication, Cultural Studies / Intercultural Communication, Television / Film Studies, Media Studies, Business Communication, Organizational / Management Communication, Written Communication, Rhetoric, and Literacy Studies.
Business Source Premier (Original Interface)
Business topics: management, economics, finance, accounting, international business, etc. SWOT analysis on selected companies.
Note: Also available via Special Business Interface
ABI/INFORM databases
Search all three ABI/Inform databases together here, or choose one at a time below.
CQ Weekly
Weekly info on Congress: reports on upcoming issues, wrap up of news, status of bills, behind-the-scenes action, committee and floor activity, debates and all roll-call votes.
ProQuest
Business, humanities, general information, social life, law etc. ABI/INFORM databases, ProQuest Newspapers, Research Library and several others.
Note: Scroll down to pick and choose your own combination of databases to search.
LexisNexis Academic
Full-text access to continuously updated news, law, and business information. Highlights: News: news wires, transcripts, regional, national/international news, & Gallup Polls; Legal: law review articles, case law, and federal/state codes; Business: company profiles, country profiles, and SEC filings; People: directories from the entertainment industry, elected officials, executives, politicians, and obituaries.
New York Times
Full-text of NYT from 1998 - present.
Note: For archives (1851-2001), see ProQuest historical newspapers: New York Times
The Wall Street Journal
Full-text of WSJ from 1984-present.
Note: For archives (1889-1987), see ProQuest historical newspapers: Wall Street Journal
Alternative press index
Index to articles in alternative news sources. Use to research topics that may not be well covered in the mainstream press; 1991 to current.
Ethnic newswatch
Use to research topics relating to ethnic minorities and native groups in the U.S., find articles written from a particular ethnic perspective, gain a regional perspective on a topic, or find biographical profiles. 1990 - current.rn
GenderWatch
Research gender issues worldwide. Study the evolution of the women\'s movement and the changes in gender roles over the last twenty years.
National newspaper index
Indexing/abstracts: New York Times(1980-), Wall Street Journal(Eastern Ed. 3/04 -)(Western Ed. 1980-2004), Christian Science Monitor(1980-), Los Angeles Times(1982-) and Washington Post(Final Ed. 1980-) rnrn rnrn rn
New York State newspapers
10 major newspapers published in New York State.
Newspaper source
Selected full text for 25 national (U.S.) and international newspapers; full text television and radio news transcripts are provided from CBS News, FOX News, NPR, etc.
InfoTrac custom newspapers
Full-text of English language newspapers from the United States and the world.
ProQuest newspapers
32 newspapers; incl. the former Newspaper Abstracts Complete.
Note: Scroll down to select the newspaper/s you wish to search.
NewsBank infoweb
Full-text of local/regional news: Buffalo News, Ithaca Journal (1999-), Journal-News (Westchester County, NY), New York Post, Post-Standard (Syracuse), Press & Sun-Bulletin (Binghamton), Star-Gazette(Elmira).
Access Newspaper Archive 
Searchable newspaper pages, dating as far back as the 1700s.
Note: Available only on campus, excluding residence halls.
ProQuest historical newspapers: New York Times
Complete archive covering 1851-2004, fully searchable cover to cover; full text and full image, including advertising.
Newslink
Portal to newspapers, radio and t.v. stations, magazines, and international news. Can browse by state or search by city.
Newspapers from around the world from World Press.org
Links to newspapers by country. Gives information on political slant or leaning of the paper if there is one.
Alternative Press Center Online Directory
Links to alternative press publication listings.
Foreign Language News and Magazines
Links to electronic newspapers, journals, and magazines from around the world. Compiled by MIT Libraries.
Guerrillanews.com
An independent news organization that strives to bring global issues to the masses through
articles, headlines, videos, and blogs. Articles are completely original, written by GNN users
or contributors. Search by countries, keyword, and/or topics.
Independent Media Center (imc)
Collective site for independent media organizations.
International Mass Media Resources
Useful set of links to various media resources from around the world.
Kidon Media Link
Links to 18,776 newspapers and other news sources from almost every country and territory in the world.
Newsvoyager
Newspaper Association of America's gateway to local newspapers.
Small Town Papers
Over 250 small town newspapers can be browsed and searched. Scanned newspaper archive from 1865 up to the current edition for some titles.
Facts.com
Information on issues, events, and people. 1940-present. Incorporates World Almanac and Book of Facts.
Almanac of American Politics
Call Number: Ref JK271 .A5
From the National Journal Group, this annual directory covers biographies of Congress & state governors; it also includes election results. Current ed. is at the Reference Desk. 1972+ General Stacks
Editorials on File
Call Number: REF AP2 .E2
Loose-leaf volumes that compile editorials of the day. Also a source to find political cartoons. Library has from 1995-2004. Continued by Facts.com
The Europa world year book
Call Number: REF DESK JA 51 E85
Gives descriptive information and overviews on countries around the world. Includes history, politics, economics, education, media (magazines, television, radio, newspapers), etc. Latest at REF DESK. Older editions in General Stacks.
World Almanac and Book of Facts
Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia and four almanacs: The world almanac and book of facts; The world almanac of the U.S.A.; The world almanac of U.S. politics; The world almanac for kids.
Communication Abstracts v. 3 (1980) - v. 27 (2004)
Call Number: PER P87 .C59733
A bibliography of communication-related articles and books, arranged by subject category in each bimonthly issue. Lacks volume 4. No longer received.
Biography resource center + Complete Marquis Who's Who
Biographical information on people worldwide throughout history across all disciplines.
CQ's Politics in America
Call Number: REF DESK JK1083 .B55 2007
Published annually, it contains in-depth profiles of members of Congress. Current ed. at the Reference Desk. Prior 4 years are in the General Stacks.
Historical Dictionary of War Journalism [eBook]
An A-Z listing of war correspondents throughout world history. The appendix lists major wars and lists key correspondents & the papers they wrote for.
Bag News Notes
Progressive blog by Michael Shaw, clinical psychologist, that analyzes news images.
Communication & Legal Studies: Keep me Posted @ IC Library
Blog of legal, communication, and library news in service to the programs in the Park School of Communications and Division of Interdisciplinary and International Studies.
No Caption Needed: Iconic Photographs, Public Culture, and Liberal Democracy
Blog by Hariman, Northwestern University and Lucaites, Indiana University.
Teaching Online Journalism
Mindy McAdams, professor of online journalism, discusses issues of online journalism practice from an educator\'s perspective.
Dictionary of mass communication & media research : a guide for students, scholars and professionals
Call Number: REF P87.5 .D449 2005
Covers over 1,400 terms in United States mass media history. Includes legal terms, companies, theories, new media topics, etc.
United States Government Manual
Provides comprehensive information on the agencies of the legislative, judicial, and executive branches. Also includes information on quasi-official agencies, international organizations in which the United States participates, and boards, commissions, and committees.
Call Number: REF JK421 .A3
Provides comprehensive information on the agencies of the legislative, judicial, and executive branches. Also includes information on quasi-official agencies, international organizations in which the United States participates, and boards, commissions, and committees.
Dickman Directory: Ithaca and Tompkins County
Call Number: REF DESK F 129 .I8 D53
A criss-cross directory searchable by local street address or by phone number. Includes persons residing at that address and estimated median income levels.
Business and company resource center 
Detailed company and industry information, histories, investment reports; 1980-current.
Congressional Directory (U.S. Congress)
Presents short biographies of each member of the Senate and House, listed by state or district, and additional data, such as committee memberships, terms of service, administrative assistants and/or secretaries, and room and telephone numbers. It also lists officials of the courts, military establishments, and other Federal departments and agencies, including D.C. government officials, governors of states and territories, foreign diplomats, and members of the press, radio, and television galleries.
Editor & publisher international year book
Call Number: REF DESK PN4700 .E42
Gives information on newspaper markets by geographic area
New York Red Book
Call Number: REF DESK JK3430.N5
Annual directory of the executive, legislative and judicial branches of New York government. The current edition is behind the reference desk. Most prior editions from 1897+ are in general stacks.
New York State (online)
Links to departments and agencies and all three branches of New York State government.
Newswise : Contact Directory
Newswise is a service for reporters. Helpful resources on their website include a Contact Directory that identifies media contacts at colleges and organizations and lists of awards and grants for journalists.
Evolution of American Investigative Journalism
by James L. Aucoin. University of Missouri Press, 2005.
Freedom of the press : rights and liberties under the law
by Nancy Cornwell. ABC-CLIO, 2004.
Magazines handbook
Vocational guide to writing for magazines. Covers designing, interviewing, and editing.
Encyclopedia of International Media and Communications
Scholarly overview of international media topics. Covers all media types (advertising, books, Internet, etc.) & media outlets (radio, television, etc.). Provides history, theory, and topical issues such as ethics, reporting of disasters, and copyright.
Encyclopedia of American Journalism
Call Number: REF PN4855 .E53 2008
A to Z encyclopedia that covers journalism associations, history, practice, key individuals, laws and legislation, broadcast stations and major papers, and technology.
Encyclopedia of media and politics
Call Number: REF P95.82 .U6 E47 2007
CQ Press, 2007.
History Behind the Headlines: The Origins of Conflicts Worldwide.
Presents in-depth information on conflicts appearing in today’s headlines. Includes historical background and analysis to events.
The National Security Archive (at George Washington University)
Declassified documents obtained by FOIA requests.
United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
News, statistics, reports and cases. Covers a wide variety of media such as radio, television, cable, broadband, wireless, etc.
Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS) 1861-1960
Digital facsimile of these government documents. Covers 1861-1960 with some gaps. Also available in print and microfiche at JX233.A3rn
Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS) 1961-1975
Digital facsimile of these government documents See also IC Library stacks & microfiche at: JX233 .A3 for earlier volumes
Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents
This official government publication contains speeches, press coferences and other statements by the president of the United States. 1993+
Europa : European Union On-Line
Gateway to European Union. It provides up-to-date coverage of European Union affairs and essential information on European integration. Go to the Documents tab to connect to EUR-LEX (E.U. Law), the Bulletin of the E.U., and other agency materials.
Government Accountability Office (GAO)
The GAO investigates and reports on the use of government funds for Congress. Full text copies of the reports are available by searching the site.
GPO Access
Government Printing Office site. Links to official U.S.government documents such as the U.S. Code (USC) and the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Search the Catalog of U.S. Government Publications in the middle of the homepage to find Congressional hearings, reports, etc.
Military Education Research Library Network (MERLN)
Database of defense-related U.S. policy statements.
National Conference of State Legislatures
This website offers research and policy information on multi-state legislation. Particularly helpful is the Issue Areas tab.
New York State Unified Court System
Portal to court law libraries and legal information from New York State. Go to Courts > Decisions to find recent decisions.
Open CRS: Congressional Research Report for the People
Congressional Research Service (CRS) provides background reports to Congress yet they were not distributed to government document collections. Citizens had to write their Congressional representatives to obtain copies. The Open CRS site has indexed and posted copies of these valuable documents.
Oyez : U.S. Supreme Court Multimedia 
User friendly website that contains biographies of Supreme Court justices, case decisions, and some transcripts audio of select cases.
Project Sunlight
NY State Office of the Attorney General's portal to NY State information.
Supreme Court of the United States
The official website of the Supreme Court provides recent and pending case opinions, the current calendar, oral argument transcripts and a docket database. Go to Oral Arguments > Argument Transcripts for transcripts. Go to Opinions > Bound Volumes to browse the U.S. Reports. Slip opinions are also available.
Thomas - Legislative Information
Database of United States legislative information including: bills, resolutions, the Congressional Record, treaties, Committee Reports, Public Laws, Roll Call Votes, etc.
UNESCO Communications and Information Sector
UNESCO's CI sector provides resources and information to communication issues worldwide. Programs include: International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC) and Information for All Program (IFAP). Issues include: access to information, capacity building, content development, freedom of expression, media development, and memory of the world. Users can sign up for the CI Weekly News for updates.
BBC News: Country Profiles
Full profiles provide an instant guide to history, politics and economic background of countries and territories, and background on key institutions. They also include audio or video clips from BBC archives. Contain information on the different types of press available in the country.
Broadcast News handbook : Writing, Reporting & Producing in a Converging Media World
Call Number: REF PN4784 .T4 T76 2007
(3rd ed. 2007). This handbook covers news writing, interviewing, story forms, TV production, convergence issues, etc.
Business Journalism.org : tutorials
Combination of web & audio files provides a primer to a variety of topics such as how to cover: the Business of Health Care, Private Companies, the Business of Sports, S.E.C. filings, Financial Statements, use & interpretation of numbers and the Economy, etc.
Columbia Journalism Review (CJR): Who Owns What
An online guide to major media companies and what stations or papers they own. For a more comprehensive directory, see: LexisNexis Corporate Affiliations in the library REF HG4057 .A2899.
FactCheck.org
Annenberg Political fact check site.
Freedom of the Press
This survey by Freedom House follows rates countries on the level of their media freedom.
The Investigative Reporter's Handbook: a guide to Documents, Databases and Techniques
Call Number: REF PN4781 .R38 2002 (4th ed.)
Primer on how to investigate the government, businesses, nonprofits, health care, and various other information sectors. Includes tips on writing techniques and ethics.
National Press Photographers Association: Code of Ethics
Ensures quality in the profession as well as being useful as an educational tool.
Society of Professional Journalists
The SPJ is an organization of professional journalists whose mission is to protect freedom of speech and of the press and to promote excellence in the profession. Their Code of Ethics provides behavioral guidelines for reporters.
The Stylebook and briefing on media law
Call Number: REF PN4783 .A83 2006 (41st ed.)
AP standards for spelling and usage in journalism.
AP Images
Over 3.5 million news photographs from 1840 to the present. Users can search through over 100,000 graphics, including maps, timelines, logos and graphs. Images may be downloaded and used for educational purposes.
NYPL Digital Library
Images digitized from the collections of the New York Public Library, includes illuminated manuscripts, historical maps, vintage posters, rare prints and photographs, and illustrated books. Images may be downloaded 'for a wide range of educational, creative, and research purposes'. High resolution images may be obtained for personal or commercial if permission is obtained from the NYPL Photographic Services and Permissions division.
Prelinger Archives
Over 48,000 films, over 90 old time radio audio clips, 2,000 game videos, 250 independent news clips and much more (including educational films, advertisements and industry films)
Association of American Editorial Cartoonists (AAEC)
Search or browse editorial cartoons from 1997 to current by searching the Cartoon Research Library Database.
Daryl Cagle's Professional Cartoonists Index
Find numerous political cartoons by current topics or major events. Cartoons can be sent as e-mails or licensed for use through this site.
Facts.com: Editorial Cartoons
Browse editorial cartoons by subject: Arts, Entertainment &the Media; Business, Labor &the Economy; Crime & Terrorism; Education; Environment; Families and Family Life; Human & Civil Rights; International Affairs; Judiciary; Medicine & Health Care; Minorities & Race Relations; Politics & Political Reform; Religion; Science and Technology; Sports; Wars, Weaponry & Military Forces; & Women
Life Magazine Cover Search
Search LIFE Magazine covers by date or subject, from 1936 to the present.
The Ithaca Journal
Published Monday-Saturday. Web access is available 8/99 to the present through Newsbank. The Library also has the Ithaca Journal from 1919 to the present on microfilm. The newspaper's online site provides current day only.
Call Number: NEWS AN2 .I8
Published Monday-Saturday. Web access is available 8/99 to the present through Newsbank. The Library also has the Ithaca Journal from 1919 to the present on microfilm. The newspaper's online site provides current day only.
Published Monday-Saturday. Web access is available 8/99 to the present through Newsbank. The Library also has the Ithaca Journal from 1919 to the present on microfilm. The newspaper's online site provides current day only.
The Ithaca Times
The online edition of Ithaca's weekly paper. Current issue only.
The Ithacan
Historical issues of the student newspapers, 1926-2002.
Eufeeds
News feeds from 300 European newspapers, organized by country
Imooty
European news navigator
News and Wires Services via Yahoo
Links to over 100 wire services from around the world.
Associated Press (AP)
Daily news. Also in LexisNexis: News
Reuters
Daily news.
United Press International (UPI)
Daily news. Also in LexisNexis: News.
Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC)
AEJMC sets standards for excellence in journalism and mass communication education and research.
Association of Alternative Newsweeklies
A diverse group of 125 alt-weekly news organizations that cover every major metropolitan area in North America.
Citizen Media Law Project
Berkman Center for Internet & Society, Harvard University. Assists citizen media creators navigate legal issues & risks.
COM+ (complus)
Alliance of communicators for sustainable development including: BBC World Service Trust, Conservation International, CGIAR, GEF, GlobeScan, IFEJ, IPS, IUCN, One Planet, Reuters Foundation, Southern Caucus, TVE, UNEP, World Bank, & WBCSD.
Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR)
A national media watch group that monitors media bias and censorship.
The First Amendment Center
Clearinghouse for information concerning the five freedoms (speech, press, assembly, petition and religion) guaranteed by the First Amendment to our Constitution
Institute for Public Accuracy (IPA)
Founded in 1997 by Norman Solomon, the IPA assists progressive & grassroots organizations get coverage in mainstream media.
Inter Press Service (IPS)
Global news agency that commits itself to underreported stories. Global themes include: Poverty, Civil Society, Sustainable Development, Globalisation and the South, Dialogue among civilisations, and Human Rights &Gender issues. Member of the COM+ Alliance of communicators for sustainable development.
Investigative Reporters and Editors (IRE)
Offers training, holds conferences, gives awards, and provides resources for investigative journalists. The \"Resource Center\" is particularly useful for practitioners.
J-LAB : The Institute for Interactive Journalism
Incubator for innovate news using new technology.
John S. & James L. Knight Foundation : Journalism
Foundation that provides grants to projects that transforms journalism and communities. The Research & Publication tab includes fulltext pdf copies of reports.
Journalism.org: Project for Excellence in Journalism: Understanding News in the Information Age
Site is provided by the Project for Excellence in Journalism and the Committee of Concerned Journalists. Includes a link to The State of the News Media Annual Report as well as other research reports and analysis.
Media Bloggers Association
Promotes, protects and educates its members in support of blogging and citizen journalism.
National Press Club
Place for reporters to meet and discuss their practice.
Newseum
Front pages from newspapers US and international newspapers are posted daily. Geographic and alphabetical by title searching is available.
NewsLab
Non-profit site includes guides for student journalists on: photographer\'s rights, teamwork, directing the news, teaching, and legal issues, etc.
Newspaper Association of America (NAA)
Major association that represents the newspaper industry.
Pew Research Center for People and the Press
Organization that conducts national surveys on the politics and the media. Includes datasets, reports, and links to polls.
Poynteronline
Resource by the Poynter Institute for journalism that addresses topics in the field and provides resources such as tip sheets in order to promote excellence in the profession.
Project Censored
Students and faculty from Sonoma State University track overlooked news that appears in independent journals and newsletters. An annual list of the top 25 censored stories are compiled.
Radio-Television News Directors Association & Foundation (RTNDA)
International association for news directors and electronic journalists. Provides conferences, news, and resources to professionals providing information through the electronic media. The RTNDF is the the "educational arm" of the association.
Reporters without Borders
Advocacy organization that defends journalists, fights against censorship, and works to improve the safety of journalists worldwide.
Society of Professional Journalists
The SPJ is an organization of professional journalists whose mission is to protect freedom of speech and of the press and to promote excellence in the profession. Their Code of Ethics provides behavioral guidelines for reporters.
The National Security Archive (at George Washington University)
Declassified documents obtained by FOIA requests.
Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents
This official government publication contains speeches, press coferences and other statements by the president of the United States. 1993+
American Presidency Project
A digital archive of the Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States from Hoover to Bush (1929 to present); see also IC Library stacks at: J80 .A283. The site also includes: inaugural addresses, radio addresses, fireside chats, debates, convention speeches, and party platforms.
New York State Digital Collections: catalog
Contains over 65,000 documents relating to New York State. Three main collections include: 1. New York State Government Publications (Regents exams from 1957 to current), 2. New York State Scanned Documents Collection (broadsides, maps, manuscripts, and special collections) and 3. Education Laws and Policy documents
Official Documents of the United Nations (ODS)
Full text UN documents from 1993+; General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, & Trusteeship Council from 1946+
Supreme Court of the United States
The official website of the Supreme Court provides recent and pending case opinions, the current calendar, oral argument transcripts and a docket database. Go to Oral Arguments > Argument Transcripts for transcripts. Go to Opinions > Bound Volumes to browse the U.S. Reports. Slip opinions are also available.
Virtual Gumshoe
Listing and links to various investigative tools and sources such as death records, public and vital records, etc.
Public Records Free Directory
Portal to public records information. Users can search by zip code or a city/state. Frequent users can install a toolbar button.
Editor & publisher market guide
Call Number: REF DESK HF5905 .E38
Provides a wide variety of information on newspaper markets including retail sales, population breakdowns, income, retail stores, newspapers published and subscription information, etc.
CPANDA (Cultural Policy & the Arts National Data Archive)
Archives data on arts, media, and cultural policy.
NationMaster
A central data source and handy way to graphically compare nations. NationMaster is a compilation of data from such sources as the CIA World Factbook, UN, and OECD.
New York State Data Center
Economic, demographic and statistical information from various state agencies.
Polling the Nations
A compilation of public opinion surveys, containing the full text of questions and responses from 14,000 surveys from 1986 to the present in the United States and more than 80 other countries. Each record includes the polling organization responsible for the poll, the sample size and the date the poll was released.
Note: Limited to 4 simultaneous users only
Quinnipiac University : Polls : NY State
Polling data for NY.
Statemaster.com
Compilation of data from several sources. Users can generate maps and graphs on all kinds of state statistics and comparisons.
Statistical Abstract of the United States
The authoritative and comprehensive summary of statistics on the social, political, and economic organization of the United States.
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)
Site includes the following databases: Facts on International Relations and Security Trends; Multilateral Peace Operations; Data on Military Expenditure; Data on Arms Transfers; Data on Arms Production; Database on National Export Control Systems
U.S. Census Bureau
Social, demographic and economic information. Includes the American FactFinder resource.
United Nations Common Database
UNCDB provides selected series from numerous specialized international data sources for all available countries and areas.
LexisNexis Academic
Full-text access to continuously updated news, law, and business information. Highlights: News: news wires, transcripts, regional, national/international news, & Gallup Polls; Legal: law review articles, case law, and federal/state codes; Business: company profiles, country profiles, and SEC filings; People: directories from the entertainment industry, elected officials, executives, politicians, and obituaries.
Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents
This official government publication contains speeches, press coferences and other statements by the president of the United States. 1993+
Newspaper source
Selected full text for 25 national (U.S.) and international newspapers; full text television and radio news transcripts are provided from CBS News, FOX News, NPR, etc.
Supreme Court of the United States
The official website of the Supreme Court provides recent and pending case opinions, the current calendar, oral argument transcripts and a docket database. Go to Oral Arguments > Argument Transcripts for transcripts. Go to Opinions > Bound Volumes to browse the U.S. Reports. Slip opinions are also available.
C-SPAN
Non-profit corporation funded by cable and satellite affiliates that provides public access to daily political events such as congressional debates.rnrn
CNN
Network site
Television News Archive (Vanderbilt University)
Index to television news broadcasts from ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN as well as special events coverage. Users must register prior to searching. Tapes can be borrowed for a fee paid by the requestor. 1989+
Everyzing
Audio and video search engine.
The Mike Wallace Interview
Collection of broadcasts from the the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas. Interviews from the the early 1960s broadcast features leading senators, artists, and politicians from the period.
News Writing
Video instructional series hosted at Learner.org. Teaches writing, reporting, editing and communicating. Produced by Peter Berkow in association with KHSL-TV/Chico, CA, 1995. Users must register at the site before viewing on demand.
