ICSM The World is Yours: An Introduction to College Studies and Service Work
Best Bet Database: General OneFile : For any particular group, run a Subject Search--Minorities, African Americans, Elderly, Prisoners, etc.--and then open the Subdivisions: Civil rights, Economic aspects, Educational aspects, Health aspects, Laws & regulations, Political aspects, Psychological aspects, Services, Social aspects, etc.
Note: The possible scope of this course is vast: any "marginal" group as addressed by any academic discipline. Below I prvoide some representative examples of Subject searches in the IC Library catalog which touch on the purposes of higher education, general categories of exclusion and marginality, and three particular populations whose social challenges invite specialized study. The aim is to familiarize you with the types of Subject Headings that will be availabe to you regardless of what population you untimately choose to investigate or what discipline you enlist to help you better understand them.
Why Are You Here?
Education, Higher--Aims and objectives
Education, Higher--Aims and objectives--United States
Education, Higher--Curricula--United States
Education, Higher--Philosophy
Education, Higher--Political aspects--United States
Education, Higher--Social aspects--United States
Education, Higher--United States
Service learning
Service learning--United States
Unequal Opportunities
Marginality, Social
Marginality, Social--United States
Marginality, Social--United States--History
Socially handicapped--United States
Socially handicapped children--Education
Socially handicapped children--Education--United States
Socially handicapped teenagers--United States
Socially handicapped youth--United States
Social justice--United States
Equality--United States
Human rights--United States
Discrimination--United States
Discrimination against overweight persons
Discrimination against people with disabilities--United States
Discrimination in education--United States
Educational equalization--United States
Discrimination in higher education--United States
Discrimination in employment--United States
Discrimination in housing--United States
Discrimination in medical care--United States
United States--Economic conditions--1981- ​
United States--Economic conditions--2001-2009
United States--Economic conditions--2009-
Income distribution--United States
Poverty--United States
Poor--United States
United States--Social conditions--1980-
United States--Social conditions--21st century
Social action
Social action--United States
Racial & Ethnic Divides
United States--Race relations
Racism--United States
Racism--Political aspects--United States
Racism--United States--Psychological aspects
Minorities--United States
Minorities--United States--Social conditions
Minorities--Education--United States
Minority college students--United States
Race discrimination--United States
United States--Ethnic relations
African Americans--Civil rights
African Americans--Economic conditions
African Americans--Education
African Americans--Education (Higher)
African American college students
African American college students Social conditions
African Americans--Employment
African Americans--Legal status, laws, etc
African Americans--Medical care
African Americans--Politics and government
African Americans--Psychology
African Americans--Race identity
African Americans--Social conditions
African Americans--Social conditions--1975-
African Americans--Social conditions--21st century
Hispanic Americans--Cultural assimilation
Hispanic Americans--Education
Hispanic Americans--Education (Higher)
Hispanic American college students​
Hispanic Americans--Ethnic identity
Hispanic Americans--Medical care
Hispanic Americans--Politics and government
Hispanic Americans--Race identity
Hispanic Americans--Social conditions
Hispanic Americans--Social conditions--21st century
Generation Gaps
Older people
Older people--Abuse of--United States
Older people--Care--United States
Older people--Family relationships
Older people--Government policy--United States
Older people--Legal status, laws, etc.--United States
Older people--Medical care--United States
Older people--Mental health
Older people--Psychology
Older people--Public opinion
Older people--Services for--United States
Older people--Social conditions
Older people--United States
Older people--United States--Economic conditions
Older people--United States--Social conditions
Aging
Aging--Psychological aspects
Aging--Social aspects
Aging--Social aspects--United States
Aging--United States
Old age
Old age--Social aspects
Old age--Social aspects--United States
Old age--United States
Adjustment (Psychology) in old age
Ageism
Ageism--United States
Gerontology
Gerontology--Study and teaching (Higher)--United States
Gerontology--Study and teaching (Higher)--New York (State)--Ithaca
Gerontology--United States
Behind Bars
Prisoners
Prisoners--Education--United States
Prisoners' families--United States
Prisoners--Health and hygiene--United States
Prisoners--Medical care--United States
Prisoners--Mental health services--United States
Prisoners--Mental health--United States
Prisoners--United States
Prisoners United States--Social conditions
Criminals--Rehabilitation--United States
Criminals--United States
Criminal psychology
Recidivism--United States
Criminal justice, Administration of
Criminal justice, Administration of--United States
Discrimination in criminal justice administration--United States
Discrimination in juvenile justice administration--United States
Corrections--United States
Correctional institutions--United States
Imprisonment--United States
Prisons
Prisons--United States
Prisons--United States--History
Prison administration--United States
Prison psychology
Prison violence--United States
Punishment--United States
Sentences (Criminal procedure)--United States
Prison sentences--United States
Criminology
Criminology--Research
Why Are You Here?
Education, Higher--Aims and objectives
Education, Higher--Aims and objectives--United States
Education, Higher--Curricula--United States
Education, Higher--Philosophy
Education, Higher--Political aspects--United States
Education, Higher--Social aspects--United States
Education, Higher--United States
Service learning
Service learning--United States
Unequal Opportunities
Marginality, Social
Marginality, Social--United States
Marginality, Social--United States--History
Socially handicapped--United States
Socially handicapped children--Education
Socially handicapped children--Education--United States
Socially handicapped teenagers--United States
Socially handicapped youth--United States
Social justice--United States
Equality--United States
Human rights--United States
Discrimination--United States
Discrimination against overweight persons
Discrimination against people with disabilities--United States
Discrimination in education--United States
Educational equalization--United States
Discrimination in higher education--United States
Discrimination in employment--United States
Discrimination in housing--United States
Discrimination in medical care--United States
United States--Economic conditions--1981- ​
United States--Economic conditions--2001-2009
United States--Economic conditions--2009-
Income distribution--United States
Poverty--United States
Poor--United States
United States--Social conditions--1980-
United States--Social conditions--21st century
Social action
Social action--United States
Racial & Ethnic Divides
United States--Race relations
Racism--United States
Racism--Political aspects--United States
Racism--United States--Psychological aspects
Minorities--United States
Minorities--United States--Social conditions
Minorities--Education--United States
Minority college students--United States
Race discrimination--United States
United States--Ethnic relations
African Americans--Civil rights
African Americans--Economic conditions
African Americans--Education
African Americans--Education (Higher)
African American college students
African American college students Social conditions
African Americans--Employment
African Americans--Legal status, laws, etc
African Americans--Medical care
African Americans--Politics and government
African Americans--Psychology
African Americans--Race identity
African Americans--Social conditions
African Americans--Social conditions--1975-
African Americans--Social conditions--21st century
Hispanic Americans--Cultural assimilation
Hispanic Americans--Education
Hispanic Americans--Education (Higher)
Hispanic American college students​
Hispanic Americans--Ethnic identity
Hispanic Americans--Medical care
Hispanic Americans--Politics and government
Hispanic Americans--Race identity
Hispanic Americans--Social conditions
Hispanic Americans--Social conditions--21st century
Generation Gaps
Older people
Older people--Abuse of--United States
Older people--Care--United States
Older people--Family relationships
Older people--Government policy--United States
Older people--Legal status, laws, etc.--United States
Older people--Medical care--United States
Older people--Mental health
Older people--Psychology
Older people--Public opinion
Older people--Services for--United States
Older people--Social conditions
Older people--United States
Older people--United States--Economic conditions
Older people--United States--Social conditions
Aging
Aging--Psychological aspects
Aging--Social aspects
Aging--Social aspects--United States
Aging--United States
Old age
Old age--Social aspects
Old age--Social aspects--United States
Old age--United States
Adjustment (Psychology) in old age
Ageism
Ageism--United States
Gerontology
Gerontology--Study and teaching (Higher)--United States
Gerontology--Study and teaching (Higher)--New York (State)--Ithaca
Gerontology--United States
Behind Bars
Prisoners
Prisoners--Education--United States
Prisoners' families--United States
Prisoners--Health and hygiene--United States
Prisoners--Medical care--United States
Prisoners--Mental health services--United States
Prisoners--Mental health--United States
Prisoners--United States
Prisoners United States--Social conditions
Criminals--Rehabilitation--United States
Criminals--United States
Criminal psychology
Recidivism--United States
Criminal justice, Administration of
Criminal justice, Administration of--United States
Discrimination in criminal justice administration--United States
Discrimination in juvenile justice administration--United States
Corrections--United States
Correctional institutions--United States
Imprisonment--United States
Prisons
Prisons--United States
Prisons--United States--History
Prison administration--United States
Prison psychology
Prison violence--United States
Punishment--United States
Sentences (Criminal procedure)--United States
Prison sentences--United States
Criminology
Criminology--Research
General OneFile :
The most user-friendly of our comprehensive databases, covering almost any topic from a wide range of disciplinary angles and offering lots of full text. Use the default Subject search to find the best subject heading for your topic (and when you find a good one be sure to look at the "Related Subjects" to see if there's something even better).
When you settle on a subject heading, open the "Subdivisions" link below it. Most General OneFile subject searchs produce very large retrievals and the "subdivisions" help you narrow your search to a particular aspect: "Ethical aspects," "Forecasts and Trends," "History," "Political aspects," "Psychological aspects," and "Social aspects," to name only a few.
If the best available subdivision is still too broad, open it and add your own Keywords in the "Search within these results" slot at the upper left.
User Advisory: When first viewing your retrievals in General OneFile, note that you are seeing only the "Magazines" (popular articles) and must click on the tabs for "Academic Journals" (scholarly articles) or "News" (newspaper articles) to see those results
Academic Search Premier :
Comprehensive subject coverage with considerable full text. Note that there is a “Subject Terms” link just above the search boxes, allowing you to search the index of Subject Headings--often a good first stop for more efficient Subject searching whereby you are guaranteed that your topic is indeed a main subject of the articles retrieved.
The most user-friendly of our comprehensive databases, covering almost any topic from a wide range of disciplinary angles and offering lots of full text. Use the default Subject search to find the best subject heading for your topic (and when you find a good one be sure to look at the "Related Subjects" to see if there's something even better).
When you settle on a subject heading, open the "Subdivisions" link below it. Most General OneFile subject searchs produce very large retrievals and the "subdivisions" help you narrow your search to a particular aspect: "Ethical aspects," "Forecasts and Trends," "History," "Political aspects," "Psychological aspects," and "Social aspects," to name only a few.
If the best available subdivision is still too broad, open it and add your own Keywords in the "Search within these results" slot at the upper left.
User Advisory: When first viewing your retrievals in General OneFile, note that you are seeing only the "Magazines" (popular articles) and must click on the tabs for "Academic Journals" (scholarly articles) or "News" (newspaper articles) to see those results
Academic Search Premier :
Comprehensive subject coverage with considerable full text. Note that there is a “Subject Terms” link just above the search boxes, allowing you to search the index of Subject Headings--often a good first stop for more efficient Subject searching whereby you are guaranteed that your topic is indeed a main subject of the articles retrieved.
A good initial strategy in this database is to search a likely topic in the Subject Terms and when you find it “explode” the term by double clicking it--this brings up a list of related Subject terms. You can check as many terms as you like before "adding" them to your search by AND-ing or OR-ing them together.
User Advisory: For any retrieved set of articles, there will be a box displayed on the left that will limit the articles to “Scholarly” journals—just check the box and click the “Update Results” button below.
ProQuest Research Library :
Another comprehensive database with substantial full text. Use the "Thesaurus" (above the search slots) to preview what Subject Headings are available.
Note that to the right of your search results you can limit your retrieval by "Source Type" (including Magazines, Newspapers, Scholarly Journals), "Document Type," (including Cover Story, Editorial, or Interview), and "Location."
Above each set of articles you retrieve ProQuest will display related Subject searches to help either broaden or narrow your focus.
ERIC (Ebsco interface) :
LexisNexis Academic News:
Offering a keyword search of 100% full text from a vast number of national and international newspapers, this is an easy database to use poorly and a bit tricky to use well. In order not to be overwhelmed with articles in which your search terms are mentioned anywhere—first or last paragraph—or any number of times—once or ten times—use commands to target articles in which your topic words are mentioned early or mentioned often.
Use the hlead command (headline and lead paragraphs) to target articles in which your topic words occur in the prime news-story position of headline or first paragraphs. For example: hlead(fracking and pollution) will retrieve just the articles in which the words “fracking” and “pollution” are used in the headline or first paragraphs. Note: the term or terms to which you want this command to apply must be put in parentheses after hlead, with no space between.
Use the altleast command to target articles in which your topic words occur a set number of times. For example: atleast5(“gay marriage”) will retrieve only the articles where this phrase is used at least 5 times—indicating that it must be a main topic. You can plug in any number after atleast—atleast3 or atleast7. Note: the term or terms to which you want this command to apply must be put in parentheses with no space between the number you choose and the first parenthesis.
Use the date range offered under Advanced Options. Because this is a large database of 100% full text, one of the most effective ways to retrieve fewer than 1000 hits is to set up a time frame. Note: if you use the calendar icons to set beginning and end dates, you need to choose a year, a month, and a day for each. Without the day, the date won’t register.
Project Muse :
Muse provides 100% full text of mostly scholarly journals, and its coverage is entirely current--mainly spanning the last 10-15 years. Muse uses a "black box" search approach--you enter your search terms in one slot with no designated field options--but in addition to slapping in keywords, you can use the same Library of Congress Subject Headings that work in the Library catalog (see above under "Subject Searches"). This broad approach to searching tends to generate large retrievals, so it's best to be as specific as possible. And note--once you have a retrieval set, you can add more search terms by clicking "Modify Search" at the top.
CQ Researcher
Thisis a weekly publication from Congressional Quarterly. Each report (approx. 25 pages) examines a single issue relevant to American public policy, including health, criminal justice, internaional affairs, education, the environment, technology, and the economy. The non-partisan analysis always includes a "Background," "Current Situation," "Outlook," and "Pro/Con" section, as well as numerous charts and graphs of statistical data, maps, and a bibliography for further reading.
Note the "Issue Tracker" and "Pro/Con" browsers on the left of the home page: these provide an excellent way to find or brainstorm a topic.
User Advisory: The archives here extend back to 1991, and since many of these topics are time-sensitive, keep an eye on dates as you scan the reports.
ProQuest Research Library :
Another comprehensive database with substantial full text. Use the "Thesaurus" (above the search slots) to preview what Subject Headings are available.
Note that to the right of your search results you can limit your retrieval by "Source Type" (including Magazines, Newspapers, Scholarly Journals), "Document Type," (including Cover Story, Editorial, or Interview), and "Location."
Above each set of articles you retrieve ProQuest will display related Subject searches to help either broaden or narrow your focus.
ERIC (Ebsco interface) :
A disciplinary database in Education—at all levels. ERIC provides access not only to relevant journal literature (citations for these end in a number preceded by EJ—ERIC Journal), but also to research published directly to ERIC (citations for these end in a number preceded by ED—ERIC Document.
Education uses its own Subject Headings, so a useful first stop is the ERIC "Thesaurus" (above the search slots) to see what Subject searches will work here. This is also a helpful exercise in that once you have found the appropriate Subject Heading you can "explode" it (double click) and generate a list of related Subject Headings.
Finally, note that ERIC also allows you to set the "education level" at which your topic is addressed without entering a Subject Heading or keyword. Just open the "Educational Level" menu (below the search slots) and pick, for instance, "Higher Education." LexisNexis Academic News:
Offering a keyword search of 100% full text from a vast number of national and international newspapers, this is an easy database to use poorly and a bit tricky to use well. In order not to be overwhelmed with articles in which your search terms are mentioned anywhere—first or last paragraph—or any number of times—once or ten times—use commands to target articles in which your topic words are mentioned early or mentioned often.
Use the hlead command (headline and lead paragraphs) to target articles in which your topic words occur in the prime news-story position of headline or first paragraphs. For example: hlead(fracking and pollution) will retrieve just the articles in which the words “fracking” and “pollution” are used in the headline or first paragraphs. Note: the term or terms to which you want this command to apply must be put in parentheses after hlead, with no space between.
Use the altleast command to target articles in which your topic words occur a set number of times. For example: atleast5(“gay marriage”) will retrieve only the articles where this phrase is used at least 5 times—indicating that it must be a main topic. You can plug in any number after atleast—atleast3 or atleast7. Note: the term or terms to which you want this command to apply must be put in parentheses with no space between the number you choose and the first parenthesis.
Use the date range offered under Advanced Options. Because this is a large database of 100% full text, one of the most effective ways to retrieve fewer than 1000 hits is to set up a time frame. Note: if you use the calendar icons to set beginning and end dates, you need to choose a year, a month, and a day for each. Without the day, the date won’t register.
Project Muse :
Muse provides 100% full text of mostly scholarly journals, and its coverage is entirely current--mainly spanning the last 10-15 years. Muse uses a "black box" search approach--you enter your search terms in one slot with no designated field options--but in addition to slapping in keywords, you can use the same Library of Congress Subject Headings that work in the Library catalog (see above under "Subject Searches"). This broad approach to searching tends to generate large retrievals, so it's best to be as specific as possible. And note--once you have a retrieval set, you can add more search terms by clicking "Modify Search" at the top.
CQ Researcher
Thisis a weekly publication from Congressional Quarterly. Each report (approx. 25 pages) examines a single issue relevant to American public policy, including health, criminal justice, internaional affairs, education, the environment, technology, and the economy. The non-partisan analysis always includes a "Background," "Current Situation," "Outlook," and "Pro/Con" section, as well as numerous charts and graphs of statistical data, maps, and a bibliography for further reading.
Note the "Issue Tracker" and "Pro/Con" browsers on the left of the home page: these provide an excellent way to find or brainstorm a topic.
User Advisory: The archives here extend back to 1991, and since many of these topics are time-sensitive, keep an eye on dates as you scan the reports.
Few databases offer 100% full text. Most retrieve a mix of full text articles and article "citations"--article title, author(s), publication info, and usually an "abstract" or one-prargraph summary of the content. When a citation makes you want the full text, look below it for this icon:
Clicking "GETIT" checks (almost all) the IC Library's other databases to see if any offers the full text of the article--or if the Library has a print subscription to the journal in which the article appeared.
Clicking "GETIT" checks (almost all) the IC Library's other databases to see if any offers the full text of the article--or if the Library has a print subscription to the journal in which the article appeared.
- "GETIT" will usually find the full text in another database and open it in a new window.
- If none of our databases can access the full text but we have a print subsciption to the journal, "GETIT" will retrieve the Library catalog record for the journal so that you can see if the date of the article falls within the date range we have on hand.
- If full text is not available from any database or from a print subsciption, "GETIT" will provide a link to the IC Library's Interlibrary Loan. Log in (same as your IC e-mail)--and set up your account if you've never used it before. "GETIT" will have populated the article request form with all the necessary information and you simply submit the request elecrtonically. Most articles are supplied as digital files and will be sent to you via e-mail when they arrive.
- Ebrary
- Citation
- Interlibrary Loan
- Plagiarism Tutorial
- Idealism and Liberal Education
- Higher Education and the New Society
- Beyond the Ivory Tower : Social Responsibilities of the Modern University
- Liberal Education and the Public Interest
- Community Service and Higher Learning : Explorations of the Caring Self
- Higher Learning, Greater Good : The Private and Social Benefits of Higher Education
- Higher Education and Democracy : Essays on Service-Learning and Civic Engagement
- Planet U : Sustaining the World, Reinventing the University
- Schooled Heart : Moral Formation in American Higher Education
- Generation on a Tightrope : A Portrait of Today's College Student
- Social Exclusion
- Social Work and Social Exclusion : The Idea of Practice
- Poverty and Exclusion in a Global World
- Underclass : A History of the Excluded, 1880-2000
- Modernity and Exclusion
- Rescuing Justice and Equality
- Unequal Lives : Health and Socio-Economic Inequalities
- Unequal Chances : Family Background and Economic Success
- Problem of Race in the Twenty-First Century
- Discrimination by Default : How Racism Becomes Routine
- More Than Black? : Multiracial Identity and the New Racial Order
- Whitewashing Race : The Myth of a Color-Blind Society
- Revealing Whiteness : The Unconscious Habits of Racial Privilege
- Everyday Language of White Racism
- Latinos and the Nation's Future
- Multiple Origins, Uncertain Destinies : Hispanics and the American Future
- Invisible Border : Latinos in America
- Latinos in America
- Racial Middle : Latinos and Asian Americans Living Beyond the Racial Divide
- Ageism : Stereotyping and Prejudice Against Older Persons
- Inequality and Old Age
- Ageing and Invisibility
- Vulnerable Older Adults : Health Care Needs and Interventions
- Geronticide : Killing the Elderly
- Older Americans, Vital Communities : A Bold Vision for Societal Aging
- Ageing and the Lifecourse : From Exclusion to Inclusion in Old Age : A Global Challange
- Doing Time : An Introduction to the Sociology of Imprisonment
- Controversial Issues In Prisons
- Women Behind Bars : The Crisis of Women in the U.S. Prison System
- Black Rage in the American Prison System
- Race, Incarceration, and American Values
- Providing College to Prison Inmates
- Challenging the Prison-Industrial Complex : Activism, Arts, and Educational Alternatives
- Higher Education Research Institute: from UCLA, this site offers many reports and publications. Under "Publications" check out the "Free Publications" section or go to the "Publications Archive" where you can run a handy Title-Keyword search. Note that some of these publications must be purchased for download, but most are free.
- U.S. Department of Education: The gatekeepers of all the facts and figures you may need in your research. In particular check the Research & Statistics section where you can access Facts about Education, where you need to click on the + sign beside Postsecondary to see the extent of the information available here.
- National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE): The annual report is the definitive source for data about how college students spend their time, including their engagement with course work, peers, and community.
- National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education: This site treats secondary education in the form of college readiness. Look under "Reports by Subject."
- Rand Corporation: Postsecondary Education: A wide range of online issue-related documents from a leading think tank.
- Brookings Institute: U.S. Higher Education: Research and commentary from a leading liberal think tank.
- Cato Institute: Higher Education: Influential conservative/libertarian think tank with a wide range of position papers on issues in education.
- Public Agenda: Issue Area: Race: Interesting collection of publications from this liberal advocacy group.
- U.S. Department of Justice: Civil Rights Division: See in particular "Press Room," "Cases and Matters," and "Publications" on the left.
- NAACP: Devoted to safeguarding the civil rights of African Americans, see especially the materials under "Advocacy & Issues."
- National Urban League: Another of the oldest civil rights organizations in the U.S., take a look at the "Programs" and "Newsroom," and note that the latest edition of their annual State of Black America--Redeem the Dream--is available online.
- Pew Research Hispanic Center: Be sure to scroll down to the related "Topics" links.
- American Civil Liberties Union: Racial Justice: Many linked resources.
- Center for Equal Opportunity: This group bills itself as "The nation's only conservative think tank devoted to issues of race and ethnicity."
- Aging: Issues and Groups: Good gateway to selected Web resouces from Vanderbilt University Libraries.
- The Older Population: 2010: A summary of the Census Bureau's most recent statistical profile. Also take a look at this Facts for Features profile of Older Americans from 2012, with links to a range of source materials.
- Growing Older in America: The Health and Retirement Study: Comprehensive 2007 study from the National Institute on Aging.
- AARP (formerly the American Association for Retired Persons) has discontinued the handy Internet Resources section of their Web site, but you can use this A-Z list of topics to to find links to most of these online materials.
- Pew Research Center: The Pew Research Center conducts nonpartisan public opinion polling and social science research and is an outstanding resource for social issues and public policy information. Take a look at the reports under Older Adults, including Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality, Go West, Old Man, and Forty Years After Woodstock, A Gentler Generation Gap. The Elderly: A collection of reports from the Rand Corporation, one of our leading think tanks.
- Social Gerontology and the Aging Revolution: Take a walk on the wild side with this gateway compiled by online Sociologist extraordinaire, Michael Kearl.
- Prisons:Issues and Groups: Selected Web resources from Vanderbilt University Libraries.
- Prisoners' Rights: ACLU National Prison Project: Many linked resources on a wide range of related issues.
- Correctional Association of New York: Non-profit orgnaization that advocates for a more humane and equitable criminal justice system. See especially the "Our Issues" and "Resources" sections.
- International Prison Watch Network: See especially "Links: Support and Resources" running down the left margin.
- National Institute of Corrections: Part of the Federal Bureau of Prisons, this site provides a range of resources. I've linked to the General Topics index where, for example, "Offender Services" provides links to lots of information.
- Prisoner Rights Web Sites: Compiled by the American Assocation of Law Libraries.
- Sentencing Project: Advocacy group for criminal justice reforms. See especially the section on "Incarceration."
- Prison Activist Resource Center: Prisoner Resources: PARC is a "prison abolitionist group," but whether or not you agree with their aims they have collected a a wide range of specialized links here.
MLA is the citation style used by most disciplines in the Humanities. The guides below use the latest 2008/9 standards.
